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Erik Adamson
Erik Adamson
November 18, 2023

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช 18 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™


26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืณ 2023 โ€” ... ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืืจืฆื” ื›-5 ืงื’' ืกื ืžืกื•ื’ MDMA. ื‘ืœืฉื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช 747 ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ืชื‘"ื’ ืขืฆืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืŸย ...


ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืฉื•ื ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ื‘ื•ืื ืœืืจืฅ. ืœืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืคื• ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”-I ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช (ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื˜), ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช (ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”), ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” (ื”ืงื“ืจื™ืœื˜ืจ, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ื’'ื”). ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงืจืขื• ืžืžื ื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืฉืกื•ืคื—ื• ืœื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” (ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” - ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”), ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช (ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”) ื•ืœื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” (ื”ืงื“ืจื™ืœื˜ืจ, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ื’'ื”). ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื•ืฆืื ื‘ืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื. ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจื–ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืž"ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช", ื”ืคืจื™ื ืฆ'ื™ืคืื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ืŸ - ืž"ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”", ื”ืจื’ืื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1863 ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ (ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘) ืžืžื•ื™ื ืฉื˜, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจืก (Tzunders), ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”[4]. ืื ื” ืคืื•ืงืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”) ืืžืจื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข[13]. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื™ืฆืื• 4, 400 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, 1, 400 ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•-3, 000 ื‘ืกืชื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ื”ื•ืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื‘ืื”: 3, 500 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, 500 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“, 2, 000 ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•-10, 000 ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948, ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™". ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1946, 1947 ื•-1948 (ืขื“ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”) 16, 185 ืขื•ืœื™ื. ื›-23, 000 ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื’ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™ 1946 ื™ืฆืื” ืžืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื” ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” Smirna (ื”ืฉื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืงืก ื ื•ืจื“ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™) ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื•ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ 6 ื™ืžื™ื โ€” ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) 1:0 ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื• ื•ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื˜' ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื• 2024 ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ. ยท ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ "ื‘ื™ืช" ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”ย ... ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช 1950 ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืœื” ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื[26]. ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืขื ื• ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืžืงื• ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆืคื” ืœื”ื ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข. ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืžืขื‘ืจืช ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื‘ืœ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช 1950 - ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘-10 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008, ื˜ืขื ื” ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืฆืคื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ืžื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ ืจืืฉ ืคื™ื ื”ย ... 041 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ื•-40. 625 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951[27] ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1952 - 1957 ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ 1, 809. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืœืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื ืžื•ืš, ืื™ ื”ืขืœืื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื›ืฉื ืคืชื— ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื”ืจ, ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ 1959, ื ืจืฉื ื’ืœ ืื“ื™ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื–ืจื”. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ืฆืขื“ ื ื ืงื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืงืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื–ื” ืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื”, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื•ืฆื‘ืจื• ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ื•ื”ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืื• ืขืฆืžื ืœืœื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื ืœืœื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืกื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืœื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื, ื”ืชืงืฉื• ื›ืขืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืงื ื• ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื. ืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, "ื ืชืงืขื•" ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืชืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1952 ื™ืฆืื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืง 3, 712 ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช 47. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช 23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืจืื“ื• ืœืงื”, ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”), ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”[10]. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 1938 ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944 ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื™ื 47 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื›-26, 700 ืขื•ืœื™ื. 3 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1200 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืื™ืชืŸ[11]. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ 24 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2022 [ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ!!!] 2023 25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2023 โ€” (ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™/ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ)) ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื ื LIVE MATCH TODAY LIVE MATCH TODAY LIVE MATCH TODAY 25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2023 ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ย ... ื‘-1958, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื” ื—ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืื™ืชื• ื’ืื•ืจื’ื” ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื•-ื“ื–' ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืชืžื•ืจืชื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื—ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืืš ื”ืชื ื” ื–ืืช "ืจืง ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื›ืกืฃ". ื‘ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1958 ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืฅ 1959, ื”ืชืคืงื“ื• 130, 000 ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”[29]. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื ืžื ืขื• ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืžืžืชืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 10 ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” (ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืคื•ื ื™), ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืื˜ ื•ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืœื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆืื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื‘-1952, ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื - ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืจื™ืคื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ืงืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ืย ... ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืชืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ื™ืฆืื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืจืง 17 ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืขื 4, 500 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ืขื•, ืืœื ืจืง ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื, ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื ืืกืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื—ืจืžื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”"ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”", ื•ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืจืง ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืงืขื™ื, ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื™ืจื•ื“ ืœืžื“ื™. ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” Darien II, ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1941 ืขื 522 ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ื”. ื”ืื•ื ื™ื” Milka ื™ืฆืื” ืžืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื” ื‘-30 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืขื 243 ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื, Belacit ื™ืฆืื” ื‘-4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืขื 120 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื“ื™ ื˜ืจื ืกื ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•-30 ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื, ืงื–ื‘ืง ืฉื™ืฆืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-700 ื ื•ืกืขื™ื. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944 ื™ืฆืื• ืžืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื” ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช Morina, Bรผlbul ื•ืžืคืงื•ืจื”. ืื™ื“ื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ืชื‘ืข ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืื™ 1954, ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ืคืชื—ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืจืขื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืชืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช, Adevarul (ื”ืืžืช), ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ืฉืืœ ืœืžื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1957 ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืคื˜ืจื• ืžื ืื”, ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช[28]. 1958โ€“1966 ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืžืกืข ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืืœืฆื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1958-1966 ืขืœื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-106, 000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื 1961 (20, 800 ืขื•ืœื™ื) ื•-1964 (24, 244 ืขื•ืœื™ื) ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื˜ืื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืžื•ืชืช "ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”", ืชืคืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืชย ...


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